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(Institute, Inc. In a bald-faced effort to get even, Kremer) Tj
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(mark is not actionable as infringement under the Lanham Act.) Tj
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(sented by the mark does not constitute infringement under) Tj
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(the Lanham Act. ) Tj
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(Act was whether Kremer had a ) Tj
(bad faith intent to profit) Tj
() Tj
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(site to Bosley. Because discovery regarding that claim had not) Tj
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(granting summary judgment to Kremer as to cybersquatting.) Tj
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(as to be susceptible to an anti-SLAPP motion to strike at an) Tj
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(early stage of the case. ) Tj
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(Bosley Medical provides surgical hair transplantation, res-) Tj
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(a medical malpractice lawsuit against Bosley Medical in) Tj
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(1994. That suit was eventually dismissed. ) Tj
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(In January 2000, Kremer purchased the domain name) Tj
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(www.BosleyMedical.com, the subject of this appeal, as well) Tj
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(as the domain name www.BosleyMedicalViolations.com,) Tj
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(which is not challenged by Bosley. Five days after registering) Tj
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(the domain name, Kremer went to Bosley Medical's office in) Tj
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(Beverly Hills, California and delivered a two-page letter to) Tj
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(Dr. Bosley, Founder and President of Bosley Medical. The) Tj
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(first page read:) Tj
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(Let me know if you want to discuss this. Once it is) Tj
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(spread over the internet it will have a snowball effect) Tj
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.88 Tw
(and be too late to stop. M. Kremer [phone number].) Tj
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(P.S. I always follow through on my promises. ) Tj
-10 -26.2 Td
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(The second page was entitled ) Tj
(Courses of action against) Tj
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(BMG and listed eleven items. The first item stated: ) Tj
(1. Net) Tj
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(web sites disclosing true operating nature of BMG. Letter 3/) Tj
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(1) Tj
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(Bosley also owns the following trademarks: BOSLEY, BOSLEY) Tj
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(HEALTHY HAIR, BOSLEY HEALTHY HAIR FORMULA, and BOS-) Tj
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(LEY HEALTHY HAIR COMPLEX. ) Tj
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(14/96 from LAC D.A. Negative testimonials from former cli-) Tj
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(ents. Links. Provide BMG competitors with this information.) Tj
() Tj
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(The letter contains no mention of domain names or any other) Tj
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1.2 Tw
(reference to the Internet. ) Tj
12 -25.3 Td
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(Kremer began to use www.BosleyMedical.com in 2001.) Tj
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(His site summarizes the Los Angeles County District Attor-) Tj
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(information that is highly critical of Bosley. Kremer earns no) Tj
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1.6 Tw
(revenue from the website and no goods or services are sold) Tj
0 -12.7 Td
.11 Tw
(on the website. There are no links to any of Bosley's competi-) Tj
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.61 Tw
(tors' websites. BosleyMedical.com does link to Kremer's sis-) Tj
0 -12.7 Td
5.5 Tw
(ter site, BosleyMedicalViolations.com, which links to a) Tj
0 -12.7 Td
.42 Tw
(newsgroup entitled alt.baldspot, which in turn contains adver-) Tj
0 -12.7 Td
4.18 Tw
(tisements for companies that compete with Bosley. Bos-) Tj
0 -12.7 Td
2.37 Tw
(leyMedical.com also contained a link to the Public Citizen) Tj
0 -12.7 Td
3.51 Tw
(website. Public Citizen is the organization that represents) Tj
0 -12.7 Td
1.2 Tw
(Kremer in this case. ) Tj
12 -25.3 Td
2.05 Tw
(Bosley brought this suit alleging trademark infringement,) Tj
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1.87 Tw
(dilution, unfair competition, various state law claims, and a) Tj
0 -12.8 Td
1.03 Tw
(libel claim that was eventually settled. Bosley sought to take) Tj
0 -12.8 Td
.07 Tw
(discovery aimed at the trademark and libel claims. The magis-) Tj
0 -12.8 Td
.66 Tw
(trate judge granted limited discovery on the libel claims. Fol-) Tj
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(lowing discovery, Bosley dismissed the libel claims and) Tj
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(amended the complaint. ) Tj
12 -25.3 Td
2.61 Tw
(Kremer moved to dismiss the First Amended Complaint) Tj
-12 -12.8 Td
1.44 Tw
(and in addition moved for partial summary judgment on the) Tj
0 -12.8 Td
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(issues of commercial use and likelihood of confusion. Bosley) Tj
0 -12.8 Td
3.07 Tw
(filed a cross-motion for partial summary judgment on the) Tj
0 -12.8 Td
.12 Tw
(infringement and dilution claims. Kremer agreed that the facts) Tj
0 -12.8 Td
1.07 Tw
(were undisputed with regard to the issues of commercial use) Tj
0 -12.8 Td
1.77 Tw
(and likelihood of confusion, and that these issues were ripe) Tj
0 -12.8 Td
1.2 Tw
(for summary judgment. ) Tj
12 -25.4 Td
4.33 Tw
(Ruling that Kremer's use of ) Tj
(Bosley Medical) Tj
( in the) Tj
-12 -12.8 Td
.83 Tw
(domain name was noncommercial and unlikely to cause con-) Tj
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0 -12.7 Td
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/F4 12 Tf 100 Tz
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/F2 12 Tf 100 Tz
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0 -12.7 Td
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0 -12.7 Td
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0 -12.7 Td
.74 Tw
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.74 Tw
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/F4 12 Tf 100 Tz
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/F2 12 Tf 100 Tz
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/F1 12 Tf 100 Tz
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9 Tw
( ) Tj
1.2 Tw
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11 -25.3 Td
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( ) Tj
1.2 Tw
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1 -25.4 Td
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/F2 12 Tf 100 Tz
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-12 -12.8 Td
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/F4 12 Tf 100 Tz
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/F2 12 Tf 100 Tz
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0 Tw
( ) Tj
3.5 Tw
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0 -12.8 Td
.49 Tw
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( ) Tj
.49 Tw
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0 -12.8 Td
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/F4 12 Tf 100 Tz
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/F2 12 Tf 100 Tz
(15 U.S.C. ) Tj
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( ) Tj
1.2 Tw
(1125\(c\). ) Tj
/F1 12 Tf 100 Tz
12 -25.4 Td
2.5 Tw
([2]) Tj
/F2 12 Tf 100 Tz
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-12 -12.8 Td
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2.44 Tw
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.48 Tw
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0 -12.8 Td
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( ) Tj
1.2 Tw
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/F1 12 Tf 100 Tz
12 -25.4 Td
.66 Tw
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/F2 12 Tf 100 Tz
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/F2 12 Tf 100 Tz
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/F2 12 Tf 100 Tz
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/F4 12 Tf 100 Tz
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0 -13.1 Td
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/F2 12 Tf 100 Tz
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/F4 12 Tf 100 Tz
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/F2 12 Tf 100 Tz
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/F4 12 Tf 100 Tz
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/F2 12 Tf 100 Tz
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.46 Tw
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/F4 12 Tf 100 Tz
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/F2 12 Tf 100 Tz
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12 -26 Td
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(san Motor Co. v. Nissan Computer Corp.) Tj
/F2 12 Tf 100 Tz
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0 -13.1 Td
7.14 Tw
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/F4 12 Tf 100 Tz
(Nissan ) Tj
/F2 12 Tf 100 Tz
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1.2 Tw
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/F1 12 Tf 100 Tz
12 -26 Td
1.62 Tw
([4]) Tj
/F2 12 Tf 100 Tz
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/F4 12 Tf 100 Tz
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/F2 12 Tf 100 Tz
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/F4 12 Tf 100 Tz
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/F4 12 Tf 100 Tz
(Nis-) Tj
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2.46 Tw
(san) Tj
/F2 12 Tf 100 Tz
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0 -13.1 Td
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/F4 12 Tf 100 Tz
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/F2 12 Tf 100 Tz
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/F4 12 Tf 100 Tz
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/F2 12 Tf 100 Tz
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.58 Tw
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1.75 Tw
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/F1 12 Tf 100 Tz
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1.96 Tw
([5]) Tj
/F2 12 Tf 100 Tz
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-12 -13 Td
1.53 Tw
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0 -13.1 Td
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0 -13.1 Td
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(identification of his lawyers and his provision of a link to) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
1.88 Tw
(same did not transform his noncommercial site into a com-) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
1.2 Tw
(mercial one. ) Tj
/F1 12 Tf 100 Tz
12 -26 Td
1 Tw
([6]) Tj
/F2 12 Tf 100 Tz
( Bosley's second argument that Kremer's website satis-) Tj
-12 -13.1 Td
2.33 Tw
(fies the ) Tj
(in connection with the sale of goods or services) Tj
() Tj
0 -13.1 Td
2.48 Tw
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0 -13.1 Td
.93 Tw
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0 -13.1 Td
1.54 Tw
(from registering BosleyMedical.com. In ) Tj
/F4 12 Tf 100 Tz
(Panavision Interna-) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
1.66 Tw
(tional, L.P. v. Toeppen) Tj
/F2 12 Tf 100 Tz
(, 141 F.3d 1316 \(9th Cir. 1998\), this) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
.18 Tw
(court held that a defendant's ) Tj
(commercial use was his attempt) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
1.28 Tw
(to sell the trademarks themselves.) Tj
( ) Tj
/F4 12 Tf 100 Tz
(Id) Tj
/F2 12 Tf 100 Tz
(. at 1325. Similarly, in) Tj
/F4 12 Tf 100 Tz
0 -13.1 Td
3.51 Tw
(Intermatic Inc. v. Toeppen) Tj
/F2 12 Tf 100 Tz
(, 947 F. Supp. 1227 \(N.D. Ill.) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
1.12 Tw
(1996\), the court found that ) Tj
(Toeppen's intention to arbitrage) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
.38 Tw
(the `intermatic.com' domain name constitute[d] a commercial) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
1.23 Tw
(use.) Tj
( ) Tj
/F4 12 Tf 100 Tz
(Id) Tj
/F2 12 Tf 100 Tz
(. at 1239; ) Tj
/F4 12 Tf 100 Tz
(see ) Tj
(also Boston Prof'l Hockey Ass'n., Inc.) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
.11 Tw
(v. Dallas Cap & Emblem Mfg., Inc.) Tj
/F2 12 Tf 100 Tz
(, 510 F.2d 1004, 1010 \(5th) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
.46 Tw
(Cir. 1975\) \(holding that trademark law protects the trademark) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
1.23 Tw
(itself, despite the fact that only ) Tj
(a reproduction of the trade-) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
.06 Tw
(mark itself is being sold, unattached to any other goods or ser-) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
1.2 Tw
(vices\).) Tj
/F1 12 Tf 100 Tz
( ) Tj
/F1 12 Tf 100 Tz
12 -26 Td
.54 Tw
([7]) Tj
/F2 12 Tf 100 Tz
( However, in this case, there is no evidence that Kremer) Tj
-12 -13.1 Td
.5 Tw
(was trying to sell the domain name itself. The letter delivered) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
.4 Tw
(by Kremer to Bosley's headquarters is a threat to expose neg-) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
1.47 Tw
(ative information about Bosley on the Internet, but it makes) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
1 Tw
(no reference whatsoever to ransoming Bosley's trademark or) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
1.2 Tw
(to Kremer's use of the mark as a domain name.) Tj
/F1 12 Tf 100 Tz
( ) Tj
/F2 12 Tf 100 Tz
12 -26 Td
1.36 Tw
(Bosley argues that it was denied an opportunity to pursue) Tj
-12 -13.1 Td
.43 Tw
(discovery on commercial use, and had it been allowed to pro-) Tj
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156 -136.5 Td
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(3986) Tj
64.8855 0 Td
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/F2 7.7 Tf 101.2 Tz
.79 Tw
(OSLEY) Tj
/F2 11 Tf 100 Tz
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1.1 Tw
( M) Tj
/F2 7.7 Tf 101.2 Tz
.79 Tw
(EDICAL) Tj
/F2 11 Tf 100 Tz
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1.1 Tw
( I) Tj
/F2 7.7 Tf 101.2 Tz
.79 Tw
(NSTITUTE) Tj
/F2 11 Tf 100 Tz
0 Ts
1.1 Tw
( v. K) Tj
/F2 7.7 Tf 101.2 Tz
.79 Tw
(REMER) Tj
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0 -13.1 Td
1.2 Tw
(judgment without permitting further discovery.) Tj
/F4 12 Tf 100 Tz
( ) Tj
/F2 12 Tf 100 Tz
12 -26 Td
.84 Tw
(Bosley's third and final argument that it satisfied the com-) Tj
-12 -13.1 Td
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(mercial use requirement of the Lanham Act is that Kremer's) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
2.08 Tw
(use of Bosley's trademark was in connection with ) Tj
/F4 12 Tf 100 Tz
(Bosley's) Tj
/F2 12 Tf 100 Tz
0 -13.1 Td
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(goods and services. In other words, Kremer used the mark ) Tj
(in) Tj
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(connection with goods and services) Tj
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0 -13.1 Td
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(users from obtaining the plaintiff's goods and services. ) Tj
/F4 12 Tf 100 Tz
(See) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
2.57 Tw
(People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals v. Doughney) Tj
/F2 12 Tf 100 Tz
(,) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
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(263 F.3d 359 \(4th Cir. 2001\) \() Tj
(PETA) Tj
(\). In ) Tj
/F4 12 Tf 100 Tz
(PETA) Tj
/F2 12 Tf 100 Tz
(, defendants) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
1.2 Tw
(created a site that promoted ideas antithetical to those of the) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
1.3 Tw
(PETA group. ) Tj
/F4 12 Tf 100 Tz
(Id) Tj
/F2 12 Tf 100 Tz
(. at 362-63. The Fourth Circuit held that the) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
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0 -13.1 Td
.97 Tw
(pose and not selling any goods or services, violated the Lan-) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
.92 Tw
(ham Act because it ) Tj
(prevented users from obtaining or using) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
1.2 Tw
(PETA's goods or services.) Tj
( ) Tj
/F4 12 Tf 100 Tz
(Id) Tj
/F2 12 Tf 100 Tz
(. at 365. ) Tj
/F1 12 Tf 100 Tz
12 -26 Td
.24 Tw
([8]) Tj
/F2 12 Tf 100 Tz
( However, in ) Tj
/F4 12 Tf 100 Tz
(PETA) Tj
/F2 12 Tf 100 Tz
(, the defendant's website ) Tj
(provide[d]) Tj
-12 -13.1 Td
1.5 Tw
(links to more than 30 commercial operations offering goods) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
1.51 Tw
(and services.) Tj
( ) Tj
/F4 12 Tf 100 Tz
(Id) Tj
/F2 12 Tf 100 Tz
(. at 366. To the extent that the ) Tj
/F4 12 Tf 100 Tz
(PETA ) Tj
/F2 12 Tf 100 Tz
(court) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
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3.33 Tw
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0 -13.1 Td
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0 -13.1 Td
2.95 Tw
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0 -13.1 Td
.57 Tw
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0 -13.1 Td
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/F4 12 Tf 100 Tz
(PETA) Tj
/F2 12 Tf 100 Tz
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0 -13.1 Td
4.16 Tw
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/F2 11 Tf 100 Tz
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( M) Tj
/F2 7.7 Tf 101.2 Tz
.79 Tw
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/F2 7.7 Tf 101.2 Tz
.79 Tw
(NSTITUTE) Tj
/F2 11 Tf 100 Tz
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1.1 Tw
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.79 Tw
(REMER) Tj
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(restrictions of the Lanham Act. Other courts have also) Tj
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(rejected this theory as over-expansive. ) Tj
/F4 12 Tf 100 Tz
(See L.L. Bean, Inc. v.) Tj
0 -13 Td
1.46 Tw
(Drake Publishers, Inc.) Tj
/F2 12 Tf 100 Tz
(, 811 F.2d 26, 33 \(1st Cir. 1987\); ) Tj
/F4 12 Tf 100 Tz
(see) Tj
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(also Ford Motor Co. v. 2600 Enters.) Tj
/F2 12 Tf 100 Tz
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(664 \(E.D. Mich. 2001\). ) Tj
12 -25.9 Td
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(The ) Tj
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(PETA ) Tj
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0 Ts
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5.62 Tw
(trademark laws in this country. ) Tj
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( consumers from purchasing the products) Tj
0 -13 Td
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(under the mistaken assumption that they are) Tj
0 -13 Td
2.25 Tw
(buying a product produced or sponsored by [the trademark) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
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(holder]. ) Tj
/F4 12 Tf 100 Tz
(Beneficial Corp. v. Beneficial Capital Corp.) Tj
/F2 12 Tf 100 Tz
(, 529 F.) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
.44 Tw
(Supp. 445, 450 \(S.D.N.Y. 1982\). Limiting the Lanham Act to) Tj
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0 -13.1 Td
1.91 Tw
(trademark is consistent with the Supreme Court's view that) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
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([a trademark's] function is simply to designate the goods as) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
.88 Tw
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0 -13.1 Td
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(against the sale of another's product as his.) Tj
( ) Tj
/F4 12 Tf 100 Tz
(United Drug Co.) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
1.46 Tw
(v. Theodore Rectanus Co.) Tj
/F2 12 Tf 100 Tz
(, 248 U.S. 90, 97 \(1918\); ) Tj
/F4 12 Tf 100 Tz
(see also) Tj
/F2 12 Tf 100 Tz
0 -13.1 Td
3.14 Tw
(1 McCarthy on Trademarks and Unfair Competition ) Tj
0 Tw
( ) Tj
3.14 Tw
(2:7) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
1.2 Tw
(\(4th ed. 2004\). ) Tj
/F1 12 Tf 100 Tz
12 -25.9 Td
1.18 Tw
([9]) Tj
/F2 12 Tf 100 Tz
( The Second Circuit held in ) Tj
/F4 12 Tf 100 Tz
(United We Stand America,) Tj
-12 -13.1 Td
1.63 Tw
(Inc. v. United We Stand, America New York, Inc.) Tj
/F2 12 Tf 100 Tz
(, 128 F.3d) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
.08 Tw
(86, 90 \(2d Cir. 1997\)) Tj
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(use in connection with the sale) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
1.3 Tw
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( requirement of the Lanham Act does) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
1.6 Tw
(not require any actual ) Tj
/F4 12 Tf 100 Tz
(sale ) Tj
/F2 12 Tf 100 Tz
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/F2 10 Tf 100 Tz
10 -25.8 Td
4.1 Ts
/F5 6 Tf 100 Tz
.9 Tw
(2) Tj
0 Ts
/F2 10 Tf 100 Tz
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-10 -11.1 Td
1.04 Tw
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0 -11.1 Td
.93 Tw
(ham Act. However, when Congress amended the Lanham Act to add the) Tj
0 -11.1 Td
.65 Tw
(Anticybersquatting Consumer Protection Act, it limited violations only to) Tj
0 -11.1 Td
.25 Tw
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0 -11.1 Td
.27 Tw
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(tradict Congress' intent. ) Tj
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(appropriate inquiry is whether Kremer offers ) Tj
/F4 12 Tf 100 Tz
(competing ) Tj
/F2 12 Tf 100 Tz
(ser-) Tj
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1.16 Tw
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/F4 12 Tf 100 Tz
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/F2 12 Tf 100 Tz
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/F1 12 Tf 100 Tz
12 -25.6 Td
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([10]) Tj
/F2 12 Tf 100 Tz
( The dangers that the Lanham Act was designed to) Tj
-12 -12.9 Td
.63 Tw
(address are simply not at issue in this case. The Lanham Act,) Tj
0 -12.9 Td
.87 Tw
(expressly enacted to be applied in commercial contexts, does) Tj
0 -12.9 Td
1.87 Tw
(not prohibit all unauthorized uses of a trademark. Kremer's) Tj
0 -12.9 Td
1.3 Tw
(use of the Bosley Medical mark simply cannot mislead con-) Tj
0 -12.9 Td
.84 Tw
(sumers into buying a competing product no customer will) Tj
0 -12.9 Td
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(mistakenly purchase a hair replacement service from Kremer) Tj
0 -12.9 Td
1.63 Tw
(under the belief that the service is being offered by Bosley.) Tj
0 -12.9 Td
1.96 Tw
(Neither is Kremer capitalizing on the good will Bosley has) Tj
0 -12.9 Td
2.24 Tw
(created in its mark. Any harm to Bosley arises not from a) Tj
0 -12.9 Td
1.78 Tw
(competitor's sale of a similar product under Bosley's mark,) Tj
0 -12.9 Td
1.37 Tw
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0 -12.9 Td
1.94 Tw
(use the Lanham Act either as a shield from Kremer's criti-) Tj
0 -12.9 Td
1.2 Tw
(cism, or as a sword to shut Kremer up.) Tj
4.9 Ts
/F5 6 Tf 100 Tz
.5 Tw
(3) Tj
0 Ts
/F2 12 Tf 100 Tz
1.2 Tw
( ) Tj
/F1 12 Tf 100 Tz
11 -25.6 Td
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9 Tw
( ) Tj
1.2 Tw
(Anticybersquatting Consumer Protection Act ) Tj
/F2 12 Tf 100 Tz
1 -25.6 Td
.05 Tw
(In 1999, Congress passed the Anticybersquatting Consumer) Tj
-12 -12.9 Td
.5 Tw
(Protection Act \() Tj
(ACPA) Tj
(\), 15 U.S.C. ) Tj
0 Tw
( ) Tj
.5 Tw
(1125\(d\), as an amend-) Tj
0 -12.9 Td
1.2 Tw
(ment to the Lanham Act to prohibit cybersquatting. ) Tj
22 -25.6 Td
2.78 Tw
([C]ybersquatting occurs when a person other than) Tj
0 -12.9 Td
.66 Tw
(the trademark holder registers the domain name of a) Tj
0 -12.9 Td
2.61 Tw
(well known trademark and then attempts to profit) Tj
0 -12.9 Td
.25 Tw
(from this by either ransoming the domain name back) Tj
0 -12.9 Td
.11 Tw
(to the trademark holder or by using the domain name) Tj
0 -12.9 Td
1.58 Tw
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0 -13 Td
1.2 Tw
(domain name holder. ) Tj
/F4 12 Tf 100 Tz
( ) Tj
/F2 10 Tf 100 Tz
-12 -25.6 Td
4.1 Ts
/F5 6 Tf 100 Tz
.22 Tw
(3) Tj
0 Ts
/F2 10 Tf 100 Tz
(Because we hold that Kremer's use of Bosley's mark was noncommer-) Tj
-10 -11 Td
2.01 Tw
(cial, we do not reach the issue of initial interest confusion which was) Tj
0 -11 Td
.14 Tw
(addressed in ) Tj
/F4 10 Tf 100 Tz
(Interstellar Starship Services, Ltd. v. Epix, Inc.) Tj
/F2 10 Tf 100 Tz
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0 -11 Td
1 Tw
(\(9th Cir. 2002\). ) Tj
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(DaimlerChrysler v. The Net Inc.) Tj
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(, 388 F.3d 201, 204 \(6th Cir.) Tj
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(2004\) \(internal quotation marks omitted\). ) Tj
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(The ACPA states: ) Tj
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3.26 Tw
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1.77 Tw
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0 -13.1 Td
1.2 Tw
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-22 -26 Td
(15 U.S.C. ) Tj
0 Tw
( ) Tj
1.2 Tw
(1125\(d\)\(1\)\(A\) \(2004\). ) Tj
12 -26 Td
1.32 Tw
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-12 -13.1 Td
1.5 Tw
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0 -13.1 Td
.78 Tw
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0 -13.1 Td
1.22 Tw
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0 -13.1 Td
1.2 Tw
(a commercial use requirement, and we therefore reverse. ) Tj
12 -26 Td
1.57 Tw
(Kremer argues that the ) Tj
(noncommercial use) Tj
( proviso that) Tj
-12 -13.1 Td
2.58 Tw
(appears in the dilution portion of ) Tj
0 Tw
( ) Tj
2.58 Tw
(1125 applies to cyber-) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
.07 Tw
(squatting claims with equal force. Admittedly, the language in) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
1.25 Tw
() Tj
0 Tw
( ) Tj
1.25 Tw
(1125 is confusing. 15 U.S.C. ) Tj
0 Tw
( ) Tj
1.25 Tw
(1125\(c\)\(4\) reads: ) Tj
(The fol-) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
.02 Tw
(lowing shall not be actionable under this section: . . . \(B\) Non-) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
4.9 Tw
(commercial use of a mark.) Tj
( 15 U.S.C. ) Tj
0 Tw
( ) Tj
4.9 Tw
(1125\(c\)\(4\)\(B\).) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
1.41 Tw
(Kremer asserts that by using the word ) Tj
(section,) Tj
( rather than) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
1.71 Tw
(the more precise term ) Tj
(subsection,) Tj
( Congress meant for the) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
.11 Tw
(proviso to apply to all of ) Tj
0 Tw
( ) Tj
.11 Tw
(1125, as opposed to subsection \(c\).) Tj
/F1 12 Tf 100 Tz
12 -26.1 Td
.71 Tw
([11]) Tj
/F2 12 Tf 100 Tz
( This argument fails for two reasons. The noncommer-) Tj
-12 -13.1 Td
2.17 Tw
(cial use exception, which appears in a different part of the) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
2.5 Tw
(Lanham Act, is in direct conflict with the language of the) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
.05 Tw
(ACPA. The ACPA makes it clear that ) Tj
(use) Tj
( is only one possi-) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
1.83 Tw
(ble way to violate the Act \() Tj
(registers, traffics in, ) Tj
/F4 12 Tf 100 Tz
(or) Tj
/F2 12 Tf 100 Tz
( uses) Tj
(\).) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
1 Tw
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0 -13.1 Td
1.9 Tw
(bad faith intent to profit but get around the law by making) Tj
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156 -136.5 Td
1.1 Tw
0 Tc
(3990) Tj
64.8855 0 Td
(B) Tj
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.79 Tw
(OSLEY) Tj
/F2 11 Tf 100 Tz
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1.1 Tw
( M) Tj
/F2 7.7 Tf 101.2 Tz
.79 Tw
(EDICAL) Tj
/F2 11 Tf 100 Tz
0 Ts
1.1 Tw
( I) Tj
/F2 7.7 Tf 101.2 Tz
.79 Tw
(NSTITUTE) Tj
/F2 11 Tf 100 Tz
0 Ts
1.1 Tw
( v. K) Tj
/F2 7.7 Tf 101.2 Tz
.79 Tw
(REMER) Tj
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(noncommercial use of the mark would run counter to the pur-) Tj
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1.15 Tw
(pose of the Act. ) Tj
([T]he use of a domain name in connection) Tj
0 -13 Td
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0 -13 Td
2.41 Tw
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0 -13 Td
.2 Tw
(lacked bad faith.) Tj
( ) Tj
/F4 12 Tf 100 Tz
(Coca-Cola Co. v. Purdy) Tj
/F2 12 Tf 100 Tz
(, 382 F.3d 774, 778) Tj
0 -13 Td
1.95 Tw
(\(8th Cir. 2004\) \(internal quotation marks and citation omit-) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
.45 Tw
(ted\); ) Tj
/F4 12 Tf 100 Tz
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/F2 12 Tf 100 Tz
( H.R. Rep. No. 106-412 at 11 \(1999\) \() Tj
(This fac-) Tj
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1.4 Tw
(tor is not intended to create a loophole that otherwise might) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
.7 Tw
(swallow the bill, however, by allowing a domain name regis-) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
1.42 Tw
(trant to evade application of the Act by merely putting up a) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
1.08 Tw
(noninfringing site under an infringing domain name.) Tj
(\). ) Tj
(It is) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
.58 Tw
(a well-established canon of statutory construction that a court) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
1.27 Tw
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0 -13.1 Td
1.53 Tw
(on that language would defeat the plain purpose of the stat-) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
2.3 Tw
(ute. ) Tj
/F4 12 Tf 100 Tz
(Bob Jones Univ. v. United States) Tj
/F2 12 Tf 100 Tz
(, 461 U.S. 574, 586) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
1.78 Tw
(\(1983\); ) Tj
/F4 12 Tf 100 Tz
(see also Albertson's, Inc. v. Commissioner) Tj
/F2 12 Tf 100 Tz
(, 42 F.3d) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
1.2 Tw
(537, 546 \(9th Cir. 1994\). ) Tj
12 -26 Td
2.28 Tw
(Additionally, one of the nine factors listed in the statute) Tj
-12 -13.1 Td
1.74 Tw
(that courts must consider is the registrant's ) Tj
(bona fide non-) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
1 Tw
(commercial or fair use of the mark in a site accessible under) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
3.21 Tw
(the domain name.) Tj
( 15 U.S.C. ) Tj
0 Tw
( ) Tj
3.21 Tw
(1125\(d\)\(1\)\(B\)\(i\)\(IV\). This) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
1.14 Tw
(factor would be meaningless if the statute exempted all non-) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
1.55 Tw
(commercial uses of a trademark within a domain name. We) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
0 Tw
(try to avoid, where possible, an interpretation of a statute ) Tj
(that) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
1 Tw
(renders any part of it superfluous and does not give effect to) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
1.23 Tw
(all of the words used by Congress.) Tj
( ) Tj
/F4 12 Tf 100 Tz
(Nevada v. Watkins) Tj
/F2 12 Tf 100 Tz
(, 939) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
1.55 Tw
(F.2d 710, 715 \(9th Cir. 1991\) \(internal quotation marks and) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
1.2 Tw
(citation omitted\). ) Tj
/F1 12 Tf 100 Tz
12 -26 Td
2.37 Tw
([12]) Tj
/F2 12 Tf 100 Tz
( Finally, other courts that have construed the ACPA) Tj
-12 -13.1 Td
2.24 Tw
(have not required commercial use. In ) Tj
/F4 12 Tf 100 Tz
(DaimlerChrysler) Tj
/F2 12 Tf 100 Tz
(, the) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
1.2 Tw
(Sixth Circuit held that a ) Tj
22 -26 Td
1.1 Tw
(trademark owner asserting a claim under the ACPA) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
.55 Tw
(must establish the following: \(1\) it has a valid trade-) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
.25 Tw
(mark entitled to protection; \(2\) its mark is distinctive) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
.5 Tw
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1 0 0 1 0 792 Tm
/F2 11 Tf 100 Tz
434 -136.5 Td
1.1 Tw
0 Tc
(3991) Tj
-213.1145 0 Td
(B) Tj
/F2 7.7 Tf 101.2 Tz
.79 Tw
(OSLEY) Tj
/F2 11 Tf 100 Tz
0 Ts
1.1 Tw
( M) Tj
/F2 7.7 Tf 101.2 Tz
.79 Tw
(EDICAL) Tj
/F2 11 Tf 100 Tz
0 Ts
1.1 Tw
( I) Tj
/F2 7.7 Tf 101.2 Tz
.79 Tw
(NSTITUTE) Tj
/F2 11 Tf 100 Tz
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1.1 Tw
( v. K) Tj
/F2 7.7 Tf 101.2 Tz
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0 -13.5 Td
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-22 -26.7 Td
.35 Tw
(388 F.3d at 204.) Tj
/F4 12 Tf 100 Tz
( See also Ford Motor Co. v. Catalanotte) Tj
/F2 12 Tf 100 Tz
(, 342) Tj
0 -13.5 Td
.38 Tw
(F.3d 543, 546 \(6th Cir. 2003\); ) Tj
/F4 12 Tf 100 Tz
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0 -13.5 Td
.6 Tw
(Webs Ltd.) Tj
/F2 12 Tf 100 Tz
(, 129 F. Supp. 2d 1033, 1047-48 \(S. D. Tex. 2001\),) Tj
/F4 12 Tf 100 Tz
0 -13.5 Td
.72 Tw
(aff'd) Tj
/F2 12 Tf 100 Tz
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0 -13.5 Td
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0 -13.5 Td
.82 Tw
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0 -13.5 Td
1.2 Tw
(afoul of the ACPA) Tj
(\). ) Tj
/F1 12 Tf 100 Tz
12 -26.7 Td
.11 Tw
([13]) Tj
/F2 12 Tf 100 Tz
( The district court erred in applying the commercial use) Tj
-12 -13.5 Td
4.8 Tw
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0 -13.5 Td
.6 Tw
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0 -13.5 Td
.57 Tw
(listed in the statute, particularly to whether Kremer had a bad) Tj
0 -13.5 Td
0 Tw
(faith intent to profit from his use of Bosley's mark in his site's) Tj
0 -13.5 Td
1.9 Tw
(domain name. Bosley has met the first prong of the ACPA) Tj
0 -13.5 Td
3.81 Tw
(\(that the domain name is identical to the mark\) because) Tj
0 -13.5 Td
1.3 Tw
(Kremer used an unmodified version of Bosley's mark as his) Tj
0 -13.4 Td
1.2 Tw
(domain name. ) Tj
12 -26.6 Td
4.94 Tw
(Concluding that all of Bosley's claims, including the) Tj
-12 -13.4 Td
1.08 Tw
(ACPA claim, were subject to a commercial use requirement,) Tj
0 -13.4 Td
3.38 Tw
(the district judge granted summary judgment in Kremer's) Tj
0 -13.4 Td
2.11 Tw
(favor. But the ACPA claim was not in front of the district) Tj
0 -13.4 Td
.16 Tw
(court in the motions for summary judgment. The court did not) Tj
0 -13.4 Td
.78 Tw
(provide notice to Bosley that it would rule on this claim, and) Tj
0 -13.4 Td
1.66 Tw
(did not give Bosley an opportunity to conduct discovery on) Tj
0 -13.4 Td
2.36 Tw
(the issue. ) Tj
/F4 12 Tf 100 Tz
(See Celotex Corp. v. Catrett) Tj
/F2 12 Tf 100 Tz
(, 477 U.S. 317, 326) Tj
0 -13.4 Td
2.55 Tw
(\(1986\). For this reason, the district court erred in granting) Tj
0 -13.4 Td
4.95 Tw
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0 -13.4 Td
.85 Tw
(remains to be seen whether Bosley can establish that Kremer) Tj
0 -13.4 Td
1.74 Tw
(registered the domain name in bad faith or can authenticate) Tj
0 -13.4 Td
3.14 Tw
(other letters that Bosley alleges were written and sent by) Tj
0 -13.4 Td
1.2 Tw
(Kremer. ) Tj
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/F2 11 Tf 100 Tz
156 -136.5 Td
1.1 Tw
0 Tc
(3992) Tj
64.8855 0 Td
(B) Tj
/F2 7.7 Tf 101.2 Tz
.79 Tw
(OSLEY) Tj
/F2 11 Tf 100 Tz
0 Ts
1.1 Tw
( M) Tj
/F2 7.7 Tf 101.2 Tz
.79 Tw
(EDICAL) Tj
/F2 11 Tf 100 Tz
0 Ts
1.1 Tw
( I) Tj
/F2 7.7 Tf 101.2 Tz
.79 Tw
(NSTITUTE) Tj
/F2 11 Tf 100 Tz
0 Ts
1.1 Tw
( v. K) Tj
/F2 7.7 Tf 101.2 Tz
.79 Tw
(REMER) Tj
/F2 11 Tf 100 Tz
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/F1 12 Tf 100 Tz
1 -26 Td
.3 Tw
([14]) Tj
/F2 12 Tf 100 Tz
( In 1993, responding to the ) Tj
(disturbing increase in law-) Tj
-12 -13 Td
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3.74 Tw
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0 -13 Td
3.52 Tw
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(anti-) Tj
0 -13 Td
.2 Tw
(SLAPP\) statute. Cal. Civ. Proc. Code ) Tj
0 Tw
( ) Tj
.2 Tw
(425.16\(a\). ) Tj
(The hall-) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
1.85 Tw
(mark of a SLAPP suit is that it lacks merit, and is brought) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
.07 Tw
(with the goals of obtaining an economic advantage over a citi-) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
.93 Tw
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0 -13.1 Td
1.33 Tw
(the citizen party's case will be weakened or abandoned, and) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
.91 Tw
(of deterring future litigation.) Tj
( ) Tj
/F4 12 Tf 100 Tz
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0 -13.1 Td
.43 Tw
(v. Lockheed Missiles & Space Co.) Tj
/F2 12 Tf 100 Tz
(, 190 F.3d 963, 970-71 \(9th) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
.96 Tw
(Cir. 1999\) \(citing ) Tj
/F4 12 Tf 100 Tz
(Wilcox v. Superior Court) Tj
/F2 12 Tf 100 Tz
(, 33 Cal. Rptr. 2d) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
2.03 Tw
(446, 449-50 \(Cal. Ct. App. 1994\)\). The anti-SLAPP statute) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
.25 Tw
(was designed to curtail these lawsuits by establishing a proce-) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
1.07 Tw
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1.03 Tw
(claims seeking to chill protected expression. The statute pro-) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
1.33 Tw
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0 -13.1 Td
.58 Tw
(plaint if it ) Tj
(aris[es] from any act of that person in furtherance) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
3.2 Tw
(of the person's right of petition or free speech under the) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
1 Tw
(United States or California Constitution in connection with a) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
1.2 Tw
(public issue.) Tj
( Cal. Civ. Proc. Code ) Tj
0 Tw
( ) Tj
1.2 Tw
(425.16\(b\)\(1\). ) Tj
12 -26 Td
1.75 Tw
(A defendant filing an anti-SLAPP motion to strike ) Tj
(must) Tj
-12 -13.1 Td
2.03 Tw
(make an initial prima facie showing that the plaintiff's suit) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
.94 Tw
(arises from an act in furtherance of defendant's right of peti-) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
1.1 Tw
(tion or free speech.) Tj
( ) Tj
/F4 12 Tf 100 Tz
(Braun v. Chronicle Publ'g Co.) Tj
/F2 12 Tf 100 Tz
(, 61 Cal.) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
.63 Tw
(Rptr. 2d 58, 61 \(Cal. Ct. App. 1997\). The defendant need not) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
2.33 Tw
(show that plaintiff's suit was brought with the intention to) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
2.32 Tw
(chill defendant's speech; the plaintiff's ) Tj
(intentions are ulti-) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
1.32 Tw
(mately beside the point.) Tj
( ) Tj
/F4 12 Tf 100 Tz
(Equilon Enters.) Tj
/F2 12 Tf 100 Tz
(,) Tj
/F4 12 Tf 100 Tz
( LLC v. Consumer) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
1.2 Tw
(Cause) Tj
/F2 12 Tf 100 Tz
(,) Tj
/F4 12 Tf 100 Tz
( Inc.) Tj
/F2 12 Tf 100 Tz
(, 124 Cal. Rptr. 2d 507, 519 \(Cal. 2002\). ) Tj
/F1 12 Tf 100 Tz
12 -26 Td
2.63 Tw
([15]) Tj
/F2 12 Tf 100 Tz
( The district court ruled that Bosley was seeking to) Tj
-12 -13.1 Td
.42 Tw
(limit Kremer's free speech and granted Kremer's anti-SLAPP) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
.14 Tw
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1 0 0 1 0 792 Tm
/F2 11 Tf 100 Tz
434 -136.5 Td
1.1 Tw
0 Tc
(3993) Tj
-213.1145 0 Td
(B) Tj
/F2 7.7 Tf 101.2 Tz
.79 Tw
(OSLEY) Tj
/F2 11 Tf 100 Tz
0 Ts
1.1 Tw
( M) Tj
/F2 7.7 Tf 101.2 Tz
.79 Tw
(EDICAL) Tj
/F2 11 Tf 100 Tz
0 Ts
1.1 Tw
( I) Tj
/F2 7.7 Tf 101.2 Tz
.79 Tw
(NSTITUTE) Tj
/F2 11 Tf 100 Tz
0 Ts
1.1 Tw
( v. K) Tj
/F2 7.7 Tf 101.2 Tz
.79 Tw
(REMER) Tj
/F2 11 Tf 100 Tz
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0 -13.2 Td
2.63 Tw
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0 -13.2 Td
.67 Tw
(name does not ) Tj
/F4 12 Tf 100 Tz
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/F2 12 Tf 100 Tz
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0 -13.2 Td
.84 Tw
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/F4 12 Tf 100 Tz
0 -13.2 Td
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